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Format |
Example |
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Paraphrase |
(Author, Year) OR Author (Year) |
... is a vital factor in employee satisfaction (Bond, 2015). OR Bond (2015) states that ... |
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Quote |
(Author, Year, p. xx) OR Author (Year) "..." (p. xx) |
"Employee satisfaction is vital to workplace efficiency" (Bond, 2015, p. 112). OR According to Bond (2015), "employee satisfaction is vital to workplace efficiency" (p. 112). |
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Format |
Example |
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Book with no edition |
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. |
Levett-Jones, T. (2014). Critical conversations for patients safety: An essential guide for health professionals. Pearson. |
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Book with 2nd or later edition |
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book (ed.). Publisher. |
Armstrong, G. (2017). Principles of marketing (7th ed.). Pearson. |
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Format |
Example |
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Paraphrase |
(Author & Author, Year) OR Author and Author (Year) |
... is demonstrated by the study (Tsukino & Shields, 2014). OR Tsukino and Shields (2014) argue that ... |
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Quote |
(Author & Author, Year, p. xx) OR Author and Author (Year) "..." (p. xx) |
"To enhance practice we must ... " (Borbasi & Jackson, 2015, p. 354). OR According to Borbasi and Jackson (2015) "to enhance practice we must ... " (p. 354). |
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Format |
Example |
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Book with no edition |
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. |
Kennedy, E., & Hills, L. (2009). Sport, media and society. Oxford. |
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Book with 2nd or later edition |
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of book (ed.). Publisher. |
Borbasi, S., & Jackson, D. (2015). Navigating the maze of research: Enhancing nursing and midwifery practice (4th ed.). Elsevier. |
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Format |
Example |
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Paraphrase |
(Author et al., Year) OR Author et al. (Year) |
... was found to be effective (Potter et al., 2015). |
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Quote |
(Author et al., Year, p. xx) OR Author et al. (Year) "..." (p. xx) |
In a recent study regarding patient care, "marked improvements were crucial ... " (Mason et al., 2018, p. 12). OR Mason et al. (2018) conclude that "marked improvements were crucial ... " (p. 12). |
List all authors.
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Format |
Example |
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Book with no edition |
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. |
Roy, D., Baker, W., & Hamilton, A. (2012). Teaching the arts: Early childhood and primary education. Cambridge University Press. |
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Book with 2nd or later edition |
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of book (ed.). Publisher. |
Robbins, S., Judge, T., Edwards, M., Saniford, P., Fitzgerald, M., & Hunt, J. (2020). Organisational behaviour (9th ed.). Pearson. |
List first 19 authors, then .... followed by last author.
| Format | Example | |
| Book with no edition |
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., Author, G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I. I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author, L. L., Author, M. M., Author, N. N., Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author, Q. Q., Author, R. R., Author, S. S., ... Author, Z. Z. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. |
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| Book with 2nd or later edition |
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., Author, G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I. I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author, L. L., Author, M. M., Author, N. N., Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author, Q. Q., Author, R. R., Author, S. S., ... Author, Z. Z. (Year). Title of book (ed.). Publisher. |
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Format |
Example |
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Paraphrase |
(Organisation, Year) OR Organisation (Year) |
... is described as crucial to its implementation (Austin Health, 2016). OR Austin Health (2016) describe its implementation as crucial to ... |
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Quote |
(Organisation, Year, p. xx) OR Organisation (Year) "..." (p. xx) |
Poverty is defined as "severe financial hardship, being unable to afford basic necessities" (World Bank, 2017, p. 29). OR World Bank (2017) defines poverty as "severe financial hardship, being unable to afford basic necessities" (p. 29). |
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Format |
Example |
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Book with no edition |
Organisation. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. |
Economic and Social Research Institute. (2008). ESRI research strategy 2008-2013: Research for a changing Ireland. |
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Book with 2nd or later edition |
Organisation. (Year). Title of book (ed.). Publisher. |
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). |
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Format |
Example |
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Paraphrase |
First citation |
(Organisation [Abbreviation], Year) OR Organisation [Abbreviation] (Year) |
... increased by 7% within a five year period (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2017). OR Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS] (2017) data shows a 7% increase within a five year period. |
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2nd citation onwards |
(Abbreviated Organisation, Year) OR Abbreviated Organisation (Year) |
... which is likely the reason for the increase (ABS, 2017). OR According to ABS (2017) findings, the reason for the increase is likely ... |
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Quote |
First citation |
(Organisation [Abbreviation], Year, p. xx) OR Organisation [Abbreviation] (Year) "..." (p. xx) |
"The Earth's surface temperature is rising at an alarming rate" (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [CSIRO], 2018, p. 65). OR Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [CSIRO] (2018) concluded "the Earth's surface temperature is rising at an alarming rate" (p. 65). |
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2nd citation onwards |
(Abbreviated Organisation, Year, p. xx) OR Abbreviated Organisation (Year) "..." (p. xx) |
"Cilmate change is a rapidly evolving and worrying trend that should not be ignored" (CSIRO, 2018, p. 65). OR CSIRO (2018) define climate change as "a rapidly evolving and worrying trend ... " (p. 65). |
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Format |
Example |
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Book with no edition |
Organisation. (Year), Title of book. Publisher. |
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. (2006). Australian soil and land survey field handbook. |
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Book with 2nd or later edition |
Organisation. (Year), Title of book (ed.). Publisher. |
World Health Organization. (2013). Pocket book of hospital care for children: Guidelines for the management of common childhood illnesses (2nd ed.). |
Sometimes authors quote other authors. This is referred to in APA style as a secondary source. Citations need to include both the original author and the secondary source author. In the reference list, you will need to cite only the secondary source in which you found the citation.
Reference the book in which you found the citation.
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Format |
Example |
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Paraphrase |
(Original Author, Year, as cited in Secondary Author, Year) OR Original Author (Year, as cited in Secondary Author, Year) |
... is argued to be of value (O'Reilly, 1998, as cited in Byrne, 2008). OR
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Quote |
(Original Author, Year, as cited in Secondary Author, Year, p. xx) OR Original Author (Year, as cited in Secondary Author, Year) "..." (p. xx) |
"To improve customer service we must ... " (Smith, 2000, as cited in Weaver & Lawton, 2014, p. 26). OR Smith (2000, as cited in Weaver & Lawton, 2014) states "to improve customer service we must ... " (p. 26). |
If the year of the original source is unknown/unavailable, leave it out of the citation: e.g. (Burke, as cited in Rover et al., 2015).
Reference the secondary source in which you found the citation.
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Format |
Example |
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Book with no edition |
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. |
Byrne, L. (2003). Schubert's Goethe settings. Ashgate. |
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Book with 2nd or later edition |
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book (ed.). Publisher. |
Weaver, D., & Lawton, L. (2014). Tourism management (5th ed.). John Wiley and Sons. |