Recorded lectures, class notes, materials and resources: These may include PowerPoint slides, Word documents, PDFs, audio files etc. relating to lectures, classes, seminars and workshops. Treat unrecorded lectures as a personal communication.
MOOCs and online learning modules/courses: These may include courses or modules available online and provided by private or government organisations.
Personal communications: These may include unrecorded lectures, personal letters, conversations, interviews, and email messages. Because they cannot be retrieved by the reader of your assignment, they are not included in the reference list, but as an in-text citation only.
*Please check with your teacher whether these are considered an acceptable source to cite or not.
Not all departments accept these as reference sources. Please check with your teacher whether you are allowed to use them or not.
| Format | Example | |
| Paraphrase |
(Teacher/Lecturer, Year) OR |
... is explained by drawing upon several key topics (Smith, 2020). OR
|
| Quote |
"..." (Teacher/Lecturer, sl. / p. xx) OR Teacher/Lecturer (Year) "..." (sl. / p. xx) |
"Language is very much open to interpretation and defined by our experiences" (Smith, 2020, sl. 2). OR Smith (2020) explains in his lecture on Emotive Conversing Realities "language is very much open to interpretation and defined by our experiences" (sl. 2). |
| Format | Example | |
| Lecture/Class notes |
Teacher, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of lecture [Lecture notes]. Institute LMS. https://xxxxxx |
Francis, A. (2019, November 17). Irrigation management principles for sports turf [Lecture notes]. Holmesglen Brightspace. https://holmesglen.brightspace.com/ |
| PowerPoint |
Teacher, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of powerpoint [PowerPoint slides]. Institute LMS. https://xxxxxx |
Smith, G. (2020). Emotive conversing realities [PowerPoint slides]. Holmesglen Brightspace. https://holmesglen.brightspace.com/ |
| Handout |
Teacher, A. A. (Year). Title of handout [Class handout]. Institute LMS. https://xxxxxx |
Edwards, P., & Monsza, R. (2017). Effective job hunting tips and tricks [Class handout]. Holmesglen Brightspace. https://holmesglen.brightspace.com/ |
| Recorded lecture |
Teacher, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of lecture [Format of recording]. Institute LMS. https://xxxxxx |
Francis, A. (2019, November 17). Irrigation management principles for sports turf [Webex]. Holmesglen Brightspace. https://holmesglen.brightspace.com/ |
| Learner guide |
Organisation. (Year, Month Day). Title of guide [Learner guide]. Institute LMS. https://xxxxxx |
Holmesglen Institute. (2019, February 19). HLT43015 Certificate IV in Allied Health Assistance (Nutrition and Dietetics): CHCCOM005 Communicate and work in health or community services [Learner guide]. Holmesglen Brightspace. https://holmesglen.brightspace.com/ |
Online courses and learning modules, including MOOCs, can be cited by providing the instructors or organisation, year of course creation (if known), title of the course, site that hosts the course, and URL.
Online course or MOOC references follow the same format as audiovisual works.
|
Format |
Example |
|
|
Paraphrase
|
(Teacher/Lecturer, Year) OR Teacher/Lecturer (Year) |
The course is done remotely via the Internet. (Jackson et al., n.d.) OR Jackson et al. (n.d.) state that education in an online environment is ... |
|
Quote
|
(Teacher/Lecturer, Year) OR Teacher/Lecturer (Year) |
"MOOCs are a recent development in distance education." (Jackson et al., n.d.) OR Jackson et al. (n.d.) say that "there should be some kind of interaction between students and teachers ..." |
| Format | Example |
|
Instructor. (Year). Title of course [Format]. Site that hosts the course. https://xxxxxx |
McIntyre, S. & Mirriahi, N. (n.d.). Learning to teach online [MOOC]. Coursera. https://www.coursera.org/learn/teach-online |
| Format | Example |
|
Instructor, A. A. (Year). Title of lecture [Format]. In A. Author, Title of course. Site that hosts the course. https://xxxxxx |
Tangen, J. (2016). Episode 2: I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before [MOOC lecture]. In E. MacKenzie, J. Tangen, & M. Thompson, The science of everyday thinking. edX. https://www.edx.org/course/the-science-of-everyday-thinking |
| Format | Example |
|
Organisation. (Year). Title of course [Format]. Site that hosts the course. https://xxxxxx |
Department of Health, Australian Government. (2014). What is palliative care? [Online learning module]. Palliative Care Curriculum for Undergraduates. https://pcc4u.org.au/ |
| Format | Example |
|
Organisation. (Year). Title of video [Format]. In Organisation, Title of module. Site that hosts the course. https://xxxxxx |
Palliative Care Curriculum for Undergraduates (PCC4U) Project Team. (2014). William's story [Learning module video]. In Department of Health, Australian Government, What is palliative care?. Palliative Care Curriculum for Undergraduates. https://pcc4u.org.au/ |
Personal communications are cited in-text only. They are not included in the reference list. If it has a retrievable source, e.g. book, website, article, then it should be referenced accordingly, and not cited as a personal communication.
| Format | Example | |
| Paraphrase |
A. A. Author (personal communication, Month Day, Year) |
M. Harrison (personal communication, December 11, 2015) supports this view by detailing how ... |
| Quote |
A. A. Author (personal communication, Month Day, Year) "..." |
M. Harrison (personal communication, December 11, 2015) describes the movement as "incredibly volatile and emotionally charged". |