| Format | Example | |
| Paraphrase |
(Author, Year) OR Author (Year) |
Sport journalism is ... (Billings, 2011). OR Billings (2011) describes sport journalism as ... |
| Quote |
(Author, Year, p. xx) OR Author (Year) "..." (p. xx) |
"Effective classroom management ..." (Sprick, 2013, p.137). OR Sprick (2013) states that "effective classroom management ..." (p.137). |
Ebooks are referenced the same as a print book. Where possible, the addition of a DOI can be added to the end of the reference if available.
| Format | Example | |
| No edition |
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. |
Odell, J. (2019). How to do nothing: Resisting the attention economy. Schwartz Publishing. |
| 2nd or later edition |
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book. (ed.). Publisher. |
Sprick, R. (2013). Discipline in the secondary classroom: A positive approach to behaviour management (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. |
| Format | Example | |
| No edition |
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. https://doi.org/xx.xxxx |
Billings, A. (2011). Sports media: Transformation, integration, consumption. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203832790 |
| 2nd or later edition |
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book. (ed.). Publisher. https://doi.org/xx.xxxx |
Wiggins, J. M. (2014). Facilities manager's desk reference (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118785386 |
| Format | Example | |
| Paraphrase |
(Author & Author, Year) OR Author and Author (Year) |
... is used for patient care (Fawcett & Garity, 2008). OR Fawcett and Garity (2008) describe patient care as... |
| Quote |
(Author & Author, Year, p. xx) OR Author and Author (Year) "..." (p. xx) |
"Nursing practice is ..." (Smith & Parker, 2015, p. 76). OR Smith and Parker (2015) explain "nursing practice is ..." (p. 76). |
Ebooks are referenced the same as a print book. Where possible, the addition of a DOI can be added to the end of the reference if available.
| Format | Example | |
| No edition |
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. |
Fawcett, J., & Garity, J. (2008). Evaluating research for evidence-based nursing practice. F. A. Davis. |
| 2nd or later edition |
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of book (ed.). Publisher. |
Smith, M., & Parker, M. (2015). Nursing theories and nursing practice (4th ed.). F. A. Davis. |
| Format | Example | |
| No edition |
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. https://doi.org/xx.xxxx |
Seymour, A., & Blakey, P. (2020). Digital sport marketing: Concepts, cases and conversations. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315204079 |
| 2nd or later edition |
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of book (ed.). Publisher. https://doi.org/xx.xxxx |
Budgen, F., & West, J. (2019). Foundations of primary mathematics education: An introduction to curriculum, pedagogy and content (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003115694 |
| Format | Example | |
| Paraphrase |
(Author et al., Year) OR Author et al. (Year) |
Managing a business ... (Hassanien et al., 2010). OR Hassanien et al. (2010) explore managing a business ... |
| Quote |
(Author et al., Year, p. xx) OR Author et al. (Year) "..." (p. xx) |
"In the catering business ..." (Foskett et al., 2016, p. 84). OR Foskett et al. (2016) state "in the catering business ..." (p. 84). |
Ebooks are referenced the same as a print book. Where possible, the addition of a DOI can be added to the end of the reference if available.
List all authors.
| Format | Example | ||
| Ebook | No edition |
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. |
Conlan, T. J., Posner, P. L., & Beam, D. R. (2014). Pathways of power: The dynamics of national policymaking. Georgetown University Press. |
| 2nd or later edition |
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of book (ed.). Publisher. |
Foskett, D., Paskins, P., Pennington, A., & Rippington, N. (2016). The theory of hospitality and catering (13th ed.). Hodder Education. |
|
| Ebook with DOI | No edition |
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. https://doi.org/xx.xxxx |
Hassanien, A., Clarke, A., & Dale, C. (2010). Hospitality business development. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080884981 |
| 2nd or later edition |
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of book (ed.). Publisher. https://doi.org/xx.xxxx |
Wittenberg, E., Goldsmith, J. V., Ragan, S. L., & Parnell, T. A. (2019). Communication in palliative nursing (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190061326.001.0001 |
List first 19 authors, then .... followed by last author.
| Format | ||
| Ebook | No edition |
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., Author, G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I. I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author, L. L., Author, M. M., Author, N. N., Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author, Q. Q., Author, R. R., Author, S. S., ... Author, Z. Z.(Year). Title of book. Publisher. |
| 2nd or later edition |
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., Author, G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I. I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author, L. L., Author, M. M., Author, N. N., Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author, Q. Q., Author, R. R., Author, S. S., ... Author, Z. Z. (Year). Title of book (ed.). Publisher. |
|
| Ebook with DOI | No edition |
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., Author, G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I. I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author, L. L., Author, M. M., Author, N. N., Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author, Q. Q., Author, R. R., Author, S. S., ... Author, Z. Z. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. https://doi.org/xx.xxxx |
| 2nd or later edition |
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., Author, G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I. I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author, L. L., Author, M. M., Author, N. N., Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author, Q. Q., Author, R. R., Author, S. S., ... Author, Z. Z. (Year). Title of book (ed.). Publisher. https://doi.org/xx.xxxx |
|
| Format | Example | ||
| Paraphrase |
(Organisation, Year) OR Organisation (Year) |
Examining soil shows ... (National Committee on Soil and Terrain, 2016).
OR The National Committee on Soil and Terrain (2016) showed ... |
|
| Quote |
(Organisation, Year, p. xx) OR Organisation (Year) "..." (p. xx) |
"By examining the past ..." (Facing History and Ourselves, 2012, p. 14). OR Facing History and Ourselves (2012) states "by examining the past ..." (p. 14). |
|
Ebooks are referenced the same as a print book. Where possible, the addition of a DOI can be added to the end of the reference if available.
| Format | Example | |
| No edition |
Organisation. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. |
Facing History and Ourselves. (2012). Sacred texts, modern questions: Connecting ethics and history through a Jewish lens. |
| 2nd or later edition |
Organisation. (Year). Title of book (ed.). Publisher. |
Facing History and Ourselves (2017). Holocaust and human behavior (4th ed.). |
| Format | Example | |
| No edition |
Organisation. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. https://doi.org/xx.xxxx |
Australian Heritage Council. (2012). Australia's fossil heritage: A catalogue of important Australian fossil sites. https://doi.org/10.1071/9780643101784 |
| 2nd or later edition |
Organisation. (Year). Title of book (ed.). Publisher. https://doi.org/xx.xxxx |
National Committee on Soil and Terrain. (2016). The Australian soil classification (2nd ed.). CSIRO. https://doi.org/10.1071/9781486304646 |
| Format | Example | ||
| Paraphrase | First citation |
(Organisation [Abbreviation], Year) OR Organisation [Abbreviation] (Year) |
When considering ... (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD], 2016). OR The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD] (2016) describes ... |
| 2nd citation onwards |
(Abbreviated Organisation, Year) OR Abbreviated Organisation (Year) |
Developing countries ... (OECD, 2016). OR OECD states that developing countries ... (2016). |
|
| Quote | First citation |
(Organisation [Abbreviation], Year, p. xx) OR Organisation [Abbreviation] (Year) "..." (p. xx) |
"The management of childhood illnesses can be done by ... " (World Health Organization [WHO], 2013, p. 34). OR The World Health Organization [WHO] (2013) explains that "for the effective treatment ... " (p. 35). |
| 2nd citation onwards |
(Abbreviated Organisation, Year, p. xx) OR Abbreviated Organisation (Year) "..." (p. xx) |
"Adequate nursing care is essential to ... " (WHO, 2013, p. 56). OR
|
|
Ebooks are referenced the same as a print book. Where possible, the addition of a DOI can be added to the end of the reference if available.
| Format | Example | |
| No edition |
Organisation. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. |
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2015). OECD green growth studies material resources, productivity and the environment. |
| 2nd or later edition |
Organisation. (Year). Title of book (ed.). Publisher. |
World Health Organization. (2013). Pocket book of hospital care for children: Guidelines for the management of common childhood illnesses (2nd ed.). |
| Format | Example | |
| No edition |
Organisation. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. https://doi.org/xx.xxxx |
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2016). Space and innovation. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264264014-en |
| 2nd or later edition |
Organisation. (Year). Title of book (ed.). Publisher. https://doi.org/xx.xxxx |
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000 |
Sometimes authors quote other authors. This is referred to in APA style as a secondary source. Citations need to include both the original author and the secondary source author. In the reference list, you will need to cite only the secondary source in which you found the citation.
Reference the book in which you found the citation.
| Format | Example | |
| Paraphrase |
(Original Author, Year, as cited in Secondary Author, Year) OR Original Author (Year, as cited in Secondary Author, Year) |
... best practice (Smith, 1997, as cited in Fullan, 2020). OR Smith (1997, as cited in Fullan, 2020) claims for best practice ...
|
| Quote |
(Original Author, Year, as cited in Secondary Author, Year, p. xx) OR Original Author (Year, as cited in Secondary Author, Year) "..." (p. xx) |
"Influences on children ... " (Jones, 2009, as cited in Jorgensen et al., 2020, p. 65). OR Jones (2009, as cited in Jorgensen et al., 2020) states "influences on children ... " (p. 65). |
Reference the secondary source in which you found the citation.
Ebooks are referenced the same as a print book. Where possible, the addition of a DOI can be added to the end of the reference if available.
| Format | Example | |
| No edition |
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. |
Musgrave, E., & James, R. (2019). Sharp suits: A celebration of men’s tailoring. Pavilion Books. |
| 2nd or later edition |
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book (ed.). Publisher. |
Fullan, M. (2020). Leading in a culture of change (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. |
| Format | Example | |
| No edition |
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. https://doi.org/xx.xxxx |
Duncan, S. (2020). The digital world of sport: The impact of emerging media on sports news, information and journalism. Anthem Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv170x59d |
| 2nd or later edition |
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book (ed.). Publisher. https://doi.org/xx.xxxx |
Jorgensen, R., Dole, S., & Larkin, K. (2020). Teaching mathematics in primary school: Principles for effective practice (3rd ed.). Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003117759 |
A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique alphanumeric string used to identify a certain source, formatted as follows:
https://doi.org/xx.xxxx
e.g. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203832790
To see if an ebook has a DOI, search the book title via https://search.crossref.org/