Unpublished works are any resources not accessible via published sources and, therefore, not retrievable by the reader.
Personal communications: These may include unrecorded lectures, personal letters, conversations, interviews, and email messages.
Unpublished documents: These may include internal documents, training materials and any other unpublished materials.
Lecture/class materials and resources: These may include PowerPoint slides, Word documents, PDFs, audio files etc. relating to lectures, classes, seminars and workshops.
Personal communications are cited in-text only. They are not included in the reference list.
| Format | Example | |
| Paraphrase |
AA Person (Day Month Year, pers. comm.) |
M Harrison (11 December 2015, pers. comm.) supports this view by detailing how ...
|
| Quote |
AA Person (Day Month Year, pers.) '...' |
During the interview, M Harrison (11 December 2015, pers. comm.) described the movement as 'incredibly volatile and emotionally charged'. |
Cite in-text only. Do not include in reference list.
This page contains the general format for referencing unpublished documents.
To reference unpublished drawings and plans from a builder or architect, please see architect/builder drafts, drawings or plans for more information.
| Format | Example | |
| Paraphrase |
(Author Year) OR Author (Year) |
... should be used in email communications (Ethos CRS 2018). OR Ethos CRS (2018) list five standards of email communication ... |
| Quote |
'...' (Author Year:Page) OR Author (Year:Page) '..' |
'... as best practice' (Ethos CRS 2018:4). OR According to Ethos CRS (2018:4), 'best practice ...' |
| Format | Example |
|
Author, AA (Year) Title of document [unpublished type of document], Organisation Name, Writing Location. |
Ethos CRS (2018) Business writing: letters and emails [unpublished training materials], Ethos CRS, Canberra. |
Not all departments accept these as reference sources. Please check with your teacher whether you are allowed to use them or not.
| Format | Example | |
| Paraphrase |
(Teacher/Lecturer Year) OR |
... is explained by drawing upon several key topics (Smith 2015). OR Smith (2015) draws on several key topics to explain ...
|
| Quote |
'...' (Teacher/Lecturer Year:Slide or Page) OR
|
'Language is very much open to interpretation and defined by our experiences' (Smith 2015:2).
OR Smith (2015:2) explains in his lecture on 'Emotive conversing realities' that 'language is very much open to interpretation and defined by our experiences'. |
| Format | Example |
|
Author, AA (Day Month Year) Title of material [type of material], Institute, LMS. |
Francis, A (17 November 2019) Irrigation management principles for sports turf [lecture notes], Holmesglen, Brightspace. Edwards, P and Monsza, R (2017) Effective job hunting tips and tricks [class handout], Holmesglen, Brightspace. Holmesglen Institute (19 February 2019) HLT43015 certificate IV in allied health assistance (nutrition and dietetics): CHCCOM005 communicate and work in health or community services [learner guide], Holmesglen, Brightspace. Smith, G (2020) ABC123: emotive conversing realities [PowerPoint slides], Holmesglen, Brightspace. |