| Format | Example | |
| Paraphrase |
(Author Year) OR Author (Year) |
... is a vital factor in the marketing plan (Armstrong 2017). OR Armstrong (2017) states that ... |
| Quote |
'...' (Author Year:Page) OR Author (Year:Page) '...' |
'As part of the marketing plan ...' (Bond 2017:112). OR According to Armstrong (2017:112), 'as part of the marketing plan ...' |
| Format | Example | |
| Book with no edition | Author, AA (Year) Title of book, Publisher, Place of Publication. | Syed, A (2012) Advanced building technologies for sustainability, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ. |
| Book with 2nd or later edition | Author, AA (Year) Title of book, x edn, Publisher, Place of Publication. | Armstrong, G (2017) Principles of marketing, 7th edn, Pearson, Frenchs Forest, NSW. |
| Format | Example | |
| Paraphrase |
(Author and Author Year) OR Author and Author (Year) |
... is demonstrated by the project (Allen and Iano 2019). OR Allen and Iano (2019) argue that ... |
| Quote |
'...' (Author and Author Year:Page) OR Author and Author (Year:Page) '...' |
'Best practice involves ...' (Allen and Iano 2019:354). OR According to Allen and Iano (2019:354) 'best practice involves ...' |
| Format | Example | |
| Book with no edition |
Author, AA and Author, BB (Year) Title of book, Publisher, Place of Publication. |
Hutchins, B and Rowe, D (2012) Sport beyond television: the Internet, digital media and the rise of networked media sport, Routledge, New York. |
| Book with 2nd or later edition |
Author, AA and Author, BB (Year) Title of book, x edn, Publisher, Place of Publication. |
Allen, E and Iano, J (2019) Fundamentals of building construction: materials and methods, 4th edn, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ. |
| Format | Example | |
| Paraphrase |
(Author et al. Year) OR Author et al. (Year) |
... was found to be effective (Brick et al. 2016). OR Brick et al. (2016) prove the study technique's effectiveness ... |
| Quote |
'...' (Author et al. Year:Page) OR Author et al. (Year:Page) '...' |
'... marked improvements were achieved' (Brick et al. 2016:212). OR Brick et al. (2016:212) conclude that 'study techniques involving ... ' |
| Format | Example | |
| Book with no edition | Author, AA, Author, BB and Author, CC (Year) Title of book, Publisher, Place of Publication. |
Noe, RA, Hollenbeck, JR, Gerhart, B, Wright, PM, Steel, J, McGill, C and Dein, T (2013) Human resource management in practice: for certificate IV BSB41013 and diploma BSB50613, McGraw-Hill Education, North Ryde, NSW. |
| Book with 2nd or later edition |
Author, AA, Author, BB and Author, CC (Year) Title of book, x edn, Publisher, Place of Publication. |
Brick, J, Herke, M and Wong, D (2016) Academic culture: a student’s guide to studying at university, 3rd edn, Palgrave Macmillan, South Yarra, VIC. |
| Format | Example | ||
| Paraphrase |
(Organisation Year) OR Organisation (Year) |
... form the core function of the audit (Deloitte and Touche 2020). OR Deloitte and Touche (2020) describe the function of an effective audit as ... |
|
| Quote |
'...' (Organisation Year:Page) OR Organisation (Year:Page) '...' |
'... must be legitimately carried out' (Deloitte and Touch 2020:390). OR Deloitte and Touche (2020:390) explain '... must be legitimately carried out'. |
|
| Format | Example | |
| Book with no edition |
Organisation (Year) Title of book, Publisher, Place of Publication. |
Eastern Reflection (2012) Houses by Thai architects, Page One Publishing, Singapore. |
| Book with 2nd or later edition |
Organisation (Year) Title of book, x edn, Publisher, Place of Publication. |
Deloitte and Touche (2020) Audits of 401(k) plans, 2nd edn, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ. |
| Format | Example | |
| Paraphrase |
(Abbreviated Organisation Year) OR Abbreviated Organisation (Year) |
... is a far more durable material against a northerly aspect (HIA 2008). OR According to the HIA (2008), materials suitable for north facing ... |
| Quote |
(Abbreviated Organisation Year:Page) OR Abbreviated Organisation (Year:Page) '...' |
'... for its sustainable properties' (HIA 2008:42). OR HIA (2008:42) recommend the selection of 'materials based on sustainable ... ' |
| Format | Example | |
| Book with no edition |
Abbreviation (Organisation) (Year) Title of book, Publisher, Place of Publication. |
HIA (Housing Industry Association) (2008) Guide to materials and workmanship for residential building work, HIA, Campbell, ACT. |
| Book with 2nd or later edition |
Abbreviation (Organisation) (Year) Title of book, x edn, Publisher, Place of Publication. |
PMI (Project Management Institute) (2017) A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK® guide), 6th edn, PMI, Newtown Square, PA. |
Sometimes authors quote other authors. This is referred to in Harvard style as a secondary source. Citations need to include both the original author and the secondary source author. In the reference list, you will need to cite only the secondary source in which you found the citation.
Reference the book in which you found the citation.
| Format | Example | |
| Paraphrase |
(Original Author Year cited in Secondary Author Year) OR Original Author (Year cited in Secondary Author Year) |
... is argued to be of value (O'Reilly et al. 1998 cited in Syed 2012). OR O'Reilly et al. (1998 cited in Syed 2012) argues that ... |
| Quote |
'...' (Original Author Year cited in Secondary Author Year:Page) OR Original Author (Year cited in Secondary Author Year:Page) '...' |
'To improve the flow of the project ... ' (Smith 2000 cited in Allen and Iano 2019:26). OR Smith (2000 cited in Allen and Iano 2014:26) states 'to improve the flow of the project ... ' |
Reference the secondary source in which you found the citation.
| Format | Example | |
| Book with no edition |
Author, AA (Year) Title of book, Publisher, Location. |
Syed, A (2012) Advanced building technologies for sustainability, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ. |
| Book with 2nd or later edition |
Author, AA (Year) Title of book, x edn, Publisher, Location. |
Allen, E and Iano, J (2019) Fundamentals of building construction: materials and methods, 4th edn, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ. |