| Format | Example | |
| Paraphrase |
(Author Year) OR Author (Year) |
... accounting theory (Baker 2017). OR Baker (2017) argues that ... |
| Quote |
'...' (Author Year:Page) OR Author (Year:Page) '...' |
'... students in the classroom' (Serocki 2017:57). OR Serocki (2017:57) explains that '... students in the classroom'. |
| Format | Example | |
|
Ejournal article |
Author, AA (Year) 'Title of article: subtitle of article', Name of Journal, volume(issue):page-page, doi:xx.xxxxxx. |
Higgins, JM (2005) 'The eight ‘S’s of successful strategy execution', Journal of Change Management, 5(1):3-13, doi:10.1080/14697010500036064. |
|
Ejournal article |
Author, AA (Year) 'Title of article: subtitle of article', Name of Journal, volume(issue):page-page. | Serocki, J (2017) 'Professional experience of faculty in the accounting classroom', Business Education Innovation Journal, 9(2):55-61. |
|
Ejournal article without a DOI, from the Web
|
Author, AA (Year) 'Title of article: subtitle of article', Title of Periodical, volume(issue):page-page, accessed Day Month Year. | Marshall, K (2020) 'Breathlessness: causes, assessment and non-pharmacological management', Nursing Times, 116(9):24-26, accessed 11 October 2022. |
| Format | Example |
| Author, AA (Year) 'Title of article: subtitle of article', Title of Periodical, volume(issue):page-page. | Trueman, S (2016) 'Take drug control seriously', Nursing Review, Sep/Oct(5):28-29. |
| Format | Example | |
| Paraphrase |
(Author and Author Year) OR Author and Author (Year) |
... digital literacy (Yevelson-Shorsher and Bronstein 2018). OR Yevelson-Shorsher and Bronstein (2018) have studied ... |
| Quote |
'...' (Author and Author Year:Page) OR Author and Author (Year:Page) '...' |
'... patient satisafaction' (Cutilli and Bennett 2009:30). OR Cutilli and Bennett (2009:30) assert that '... patient satisfaction.' |
| Format | Example | |
|
Ejournal article with DOI |
Author, AA and Author, AA (Year) 'Title of article: subtitle of article', Name of Journal, volume(issue):page-page, doi:xx.xxxxxx. |
Yevelson-Shorsher, A and Bronstein, J (2018) 'Three perspectives on information literacy in academia: talking to librarians, faculty, and students', College & Research Libraries, 79(4):535-553, doi:10.5860/crl.79.3.535. |
|
Ejournal article with no DOI, |
Author, AA and Author, AA (Year) 'Title of article: subtitle of article', Name of Journal, volume(issue):page-page. | Cutilli, CC and Bennett, IM (2009) 'Understanding the health literacy of America: results of the national assessment of adult literacy', Orthopaedic Nursing, 28(1):27-32. |
| Ejournal article without a DOI, from the Web | Author, AA and Author AA (Year) 'Title of article: subtitle of article', Title of Periodical, volume(issue):page-page, accessed Day Month Year. | Jevon, P and Gallier, H (2020) 'How to measure capillary refill time in patients who are acutely ill', Nursing TImes, 116(8):29-30, accessed 11 October 2022. |
| Format | Example |
| Author, AA and Author, BB (Year), 'Title of article: subtitle of article', Title of Periodical, volume(issue):page-page. | Wang, Q and Peterson, C (2014) 'Your earliest memory may be earlier than you think: prospective studies of children's dating of earliest childhood memories', Developmental Psychology, 50(6):1680-1686. |
| Format | Example | |
| Paraphrase |
(Author et al. Year) OR Author et al. (Year) |
... as a result of the tourism industry (Tajeddini et al. 2012). OR Tajeddini et al. (2012) state ... |
| Quote |
'...' (Author et al. Year:Page) OR Author et al. (Year:Page) '...' |
Tourism in Bali is a '... valuable source of unskilled employment in rural areas' (Tajeddini et al. 2012:210). OR According to Tajeddini et al. (2012:210), tourism is a '... valuable source of unskilled employment in rural areas'. |
| Format | Example | |
| Ejournal article with DOI |
Author, AA, Author, BB and Author, CC (Year) 'Title of article: subtitle of article', Title of Periodical, volume(issue):page-page, doi:xx.xxxxx. |
Tajeddini, K, Walle, AH and Denisa, M (2017) ‘Enterprising women, tourism, and development: the case of Bali’, International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 18(2):195–218, doi:10.1080/15256480.2016.1264906. |
|
Ejournal article with no DOI from a database |
Author, AA, Author, BB and Author, CC (Year) 'Title of article: subtitle of article', Title of Periodical, volume(issue):page-page. | Felisitas, C, Molline, M and Clotildah, K (2012) 'The hospitality and tourism honours degree programme: stakeholders' perceptions on competencies developed', Journal of Hospitality Management and Tourism, 3(1):12-22. |
| Ejournal article without a DOI, from the Web | Author, AA, Author, BB and Author CC (Year) 'Title of article: subtitle of article', Title of Periodical, volume(issue):page-page, accessed Day Month Year. | O'Callaghan, C, Loukas, P, Brady, M, and Perry, A (2018) 'Exploring the experiences of internationally and locally qualified nurses working in a culturally diverse environment', Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 36(2):23-34, accessed 10 October 2022. |
| Format | Example |
| Author, AA, Author, BB and Author, CC (Year) 'Title of article: subtitle of article', Title of Periodical, volume(issue):page-page. | Golubovskaya, M, Robinson, RNS and Solnet, D (2017) 'The meaning of hospitality: do employees understand?', International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(5):1282-1304. |
Sometimes authors quote other authors. This is referred to in Harvard style as a secondary source. Citations need to include both the original author and the secondary source author. In the reference list, you will need to cite only the secondary source in which you found the citation.
Reference the journal in which you found the citation.
| Format | Example | |
| Paraphrase |
(Original Author Year cited in Secondary Author Year) OR Original Author (Year cited in Secondary Author Year) |
... manage the challenges (Johnson 2013 cited in Hopkinson et al. 2018). OR Johnson (2013 cited in Hopkinson et al. 2018) explains how ... |
| Quote |
'...' (Original Author Year cited in Secondary Author Year:Page) OR Original Author (Year cited in Secondary Author Year:Page) '...' |
'In early childhood ...' (Brown 2010 cited in Chang-Kredl and Wilkie 2016:310). OR Brown (2010 cited in Chang-Kredl and Wilkie 2016:310) states 'In early childhood ...' |
Reference the secondary source in which you found the citation.
| Format | Example | |
|
Ejournal article with DOI |
Author, AA (Year) 'Title of article: subtitle of article', Title of Periodical, volume(issue):page:page, doi:xx.xxx. |
Pfeiffer, E and Goldbeck, L (2017) 'Evaluation of a trauma-focused group intervention for unaccompanied young refugees: a pilot study', Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(5):531-536, doi:10.1002/jts.22218. |
|
Ejournal article with no DOI, |
Author, AA (Year) 'Title of article: subtitle of article', Title of Periodical, volume(issue):page:page. | Chang-Kredl, S and Wilkie, G (2016) 'What is it like to be a child? Childhood subjectivity and teacher memories as heterotopia', Curriculum Inquiry, 46(3):308-320. |
| Ejournal article without a DOI, from the Web | Author, AA (Year) 'Title of article: subtitle of article', Title of Periodical, volume(issue):page-page, accessed Day Month Year. | Jevon, P and Gallier, H (2020). 'How to measure capillary refill time in patients who are acutely ill', Nursing TImes, 116(8):29-30, accessed 13 October 2022. |
| Format | Example |
| Author, AA (Year) 'Title of article: subtitle of article', Title of Periodical, volume(issue):page:page. | Phua, V and McNally, JW (2008) 'Men planning for retirement', Journal of Applied Gerontology, 27(5):588-608. |
A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique alphanumeric string that is used to identify a certain source (typically online journal articles). When used in a reference, DOI is written as follows:
| doi:xx.xxxxxxxx. | e.g. doi:10.1108/09596111211258900. |
Note:
DOI is to be in standard, unhyperlinked text and ending with a full stop.